Martin Hengel (1926–2009) was a German Neutestamentler of the 20th century and early 21st century, known for his work in Second Temple Judaism and early Christianity, as well as in a broad number of areas within New Testament studies including Pauline studies. His historical-critical approach differed significantly from his Tübingen and German predecessors, as Hengel critiqued—quite harshly—those who employed approaches from a mythological or critical perspective. This paper seeks to situate Hengel’s approach to scholarship in the context of his life, especially surveying his major works on Paul. Hengel exhibits a well-balanced approach to biblical and Pauline studies, seeing both Jewish and Hellenistic influences upon Paul.