“How Long, O Lord?”: John’s Apocalypse, the Combat Myth, and Narrative Theodicy

The reality of evil and suffering is one of the most persistent and philosophically serious challenges to theism. While several philosophers have offered robust solutions that seemingly negotiate the intellectual problems associated with evil and suffering, few, if any, of these solutions are emotionally or spiritually satisfying. To address the experiential, emotional, and spiritual issues raised by our lived experience of evil, what is needed is a narrative framework in which evil can be named, recognized as evil, and properly dealt with. In this paper, I argue that the book of Revelation, properly understood, can offer such a narrative framework. To demonstrate this, I will begin by describing the problem of evil and elucidating the experiential, emotional, and spiritual dimensions that often go unaddressed. I will then discuss the ways that the narrative framework provided by John can be used to address these very issues, highlighting John’s reception and modification of the combat myth in particular. I will argue that John utilizes the combat myth to identify evil and its sources, thus allowing us to recognize evil as genuinely evil. Furthermore, through employing the combat myth, John narratively depicts the truth that God will deal justly with perpetrators of evil and act to restore all of creation. By doing so, I argue that John addresses the realities of evil and suffering in ways that help his readers negotiate those realities while remaining faithful and hopeful. I will conclude with some reflective statements regarding the potential applications of John’s narrative theodicy in our contemporary context.