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More than a century before John Nelson Darby (1800-1882) first introduced his dispensational arrangement in the French language, the prominent French mystic and Christian philosopher Pierre Poiret Naudé (1646-1719) produced a complete systematic theology in six volumes. Historians and theologians have cited Poiret as an early dispensationally-minded predecessor to Darby. However, no analysis of the … Read more
Over the past forty years, a growing body of literature has emerged to provide theological and practical guidance for evangelical worship. In response to A.W. Tozer’s famous complaint that worship is evangelicalism’s “missing jewel,” evangelical theologians have sought to define and offer a more theologically robust foundation for the practice of worship. This paper surveys … Read more
Jesus’ prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane, “My Father, if it is not possible for this cup to be taken away unless I drink it, may your will be done” (Matt. 26:42, NIV) suggests that redemption could only come through the crucifixion. However, in the Summa Theologiae (ST III.46.2), Thomas Aquinas argues that redemption was … Read more
This paper contends that the allegation that Jesus is possessed by Beelzebul in Mark 3:20–22 is not a baseless fabrication that Jesus’s opponents invented purely to discredit him. Although the claim that Jesus is possessed is undoubtedly false and is motivated in part by his opponents’ desire to undermine his ministry, their diagnosis is based … Read more
This essay argues that the short parable in John 16:21 is a double entendre, referring not only to a woman’s child-bearing experience in general but also to a specific woman’s child-bearing experience—her hour [ἡ ὥρα αὐτῆς], foreshadowed in this parable and realized at the foot of the cross in chapter 19, where Jesus announces that … Read more
The Megiddo Mosaic, excavated in 2005 within a third-century CE Roman military base at Legio, northern Israel, bears the inscription “To the God Jesus Christ”—the earliest known public Christian worship space and Eucharistic table in the Levant. Far from a clandestine assembly, this community thrived in a strategic nexus of Roman command and special operations, … Read more
Called “the centerpiece of prophetic literature” (LaSor, Hubbard, Bus, 276) and “quoted, paraphrased, and alluded to more than any other Old Testament book” (Bosma, 17–18), it is no wonder the book of Isaiah has earned the title “Fifth Gospel” (Sawyer). Yet, for the noted significance within scripture and throughout church history, the preaching of the … Read more
The Council of Orange (529) ended what has come to be called the Semi-Pelagian debate and established a basic confessional consensus on the relationship between grace and free will. Like Nicaea and other earlier councils, consensus was achieved through the rejection of extreme examples. The conclusions of the council condemned “semi-Pelagian” views of the relationship … Read more
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and transhumanist ideologies poses a paradigmatic challenge to Christian theological ethics, particularly concerning personhood, embodiment, and moral agency. Defined by disembodiment, autonomy, and post-human ambition, these movements recast human identity through technological prowess, mirroring the typological hubris of Babel (Gen. 11:1–9). This paper argues that such ideologies constitute … Read more
This paper will explore why some evangelicals shift from creedal Christianity which has stood the tests of time to theological liberalism. What are the possible motivations or reasons for this move from biblical doctrine? Throughout all my decades of teaching, I have wrestled with the question of why some evangelicals turn away from biblical truth … Read more