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An important but underrecognized aspect of the reception of Nicaea I (325) at subsequent ecumenical councils is the fifth-century concept of the “sufficiency of Nicaea.” The Acts of Ephesus I (431) contain a decree (the so-called Canon 7.00 of Ephesus) that prohibits anyone from writing a different creed as a rival to the one promulgated … Read more
The thesis of this paper is that the poetic structure in Daniel 7:14 and 7:27 serves as declaration that the Son of Man’s Kingdom ‘will never end,’ demonstrating how the strategic use of NW Semitic poetry within narrative text functions to emphasize the eternal nature of his dominion. In particular, this study finds in Daniel … Read more
Frédéric Manns affirms that Justin Martyr’s conception of the nature of the Old Testament differed from that of the Jewish community. Jewish groups held to a three-level hierarchy of decreasing authority: Law, Prophets, and Writings. In contrast, Justin Martyr held to the entire OT as equally authoritative with all of it prophetically pointing to Christ. … Read more
In most translations of Galatians 6.1, Paul directs the “spiritual” (οἱ πνευματικοί) among the Christ-followers in Galatia to restore transgressors in their midst “in a spirit of gentleness” (ἐν πνεύματι πραΰτητος). Such translations, and those like it, have often led interpreters to think that Paul is here being sarcastic or polemical with the designation “spiritual.” … Read more
The Book of Revelation is often described as perplexing, bewildering, or even impenetrable—terms that signal what cognitive pragmatics would call a “pragmatic failure.” Readers encounter moments of interpretive impasse, or aporias, in which the text seems to contradict itself or defy coherence. These aporias are not accidental. Rather, I argue that they function as deliberate … Read more
How does the angelology of Jonathan Edwards relate to his Reformed forebears? For many contemporary theologians and church historians, Edwards is an aberration from the Reformed tradition. Others counter that he was no aberration, but rather was simply trying to take what the Reformed were doing and articulate that vision in a new context. The … Read more
The argumentation of my paper has to do not on the fall of Lucifer per se, but on the fall of those angels who fell with him following him. That an irruption among the heavenly hosts of angels somehow came about at some point in primordial history, resulting in a remainder of holy angels on … Read more
William Perkins was one of the best-selling and most influential English divines of the Elizabethan era (1558-1603). While certain topics in Perkins’s corpus like predestination and conscience have received extensive attention from scholars, his use of creeds and church history has seen little dedicated discussion. A few exceptions to this paucity include one unpublished dissertation … Read more
This paper explores the significance of omitting the term ousios in the Creed of Nicaea (AD 325) and adding or substituting in its place “begotten by the Father before the ages” in a sampling of the creeds that have impacted the Nicene Creed. Comparisons of the Christological statements in the creeds of Caesarea (c. AD … Read more
NOTE: This proposal is being submitted to both ETS and EPS. While not accepting the more controversial aspects of his argument, J. P. Moreland and William Lane Craig embrace one feature of Richard Swinburne’s natural theological argument for the Trinity: that mutuality is an essential requirement of love. Accordingly, God’s being essentially all-loving entails that … Read more