How the Figure of Moses Highlights the Incarnation in the Fourth Gospel.

John’s shift in focus toward the crucifixion in the second half of the fourth Gospel is almost unanimously agreed upon. However, scholars are quick to point to instances in the Book of Signs where they think John is pointing toward the crucifixion. This paper will argue that in each of these instances in John 1—11, the author continues to emphasize the incarnation of the Son. Modern scholars frequently interpret John 3:14-21 and 6:25-65 as pointing forward to the crucifixion, but I will demonstrate how each passage remains focused on Jesus’ identity as the incarnate Son of God. To make this argument, I will explore the role of Moses throughout the Book of Signs to demonstrate how in both John 3 and John 6, John’s author uses the stories of Moses to indicate that the “sending of the Son” is representative of the incarnation. Both the serpent in the wilderness in John 3 and the manna from heaven in John 6 represent this incarnational focus of the Book of Signs. By remaining focused on the incarnation and not the crucifixion, readers can understand that John’s Gospel offers eternal life through belief in the incarnational Son of God. While the crucifixion is, for John, the mechanism through which access to eternal life is opened, the true focus of belief is not only on the death and resurrection of the Son, but on the incarnation and sending of the Son.