The ‘Divine Council’ and Classical Theology: A Rapprochement

Since the publication of the late Michael Heiser’s *The Unseen Realm,* more evangelicals have accepted his ‘Deuteronomy 32 Worldview,’ which argues for a ‘divine council’ of heavenly beings who govern the affairs of various people groups on God’s behalf. Heiser himself was a scholar of semitic languages and the OT, as well as a vocal opponent of systematic theology, which he saw as an obscuring ‘filter’ over Scripture’s original message. Though averse to systematics, Heiser expounded a handful of theological views in his works, several of which are contrary to what is lately called ‘classical theology’ (e.g., his theology proper, which resembles theistic mutualism). Nevertheless, Heiser’s emphasis on the supernatural (and especially heavenly/angelic beings) is much more aligned with premodern exegesis and theology than his work perhaps acknowledges, and there exist in the ‘Great Tradition’ resources to support, expand, and nuance some of his interpretations. This paper, sympathetic to both Heiser and ‘classical theology,’ will begin to compare the two via the angelology of three classic theologians: the patristic Athanasius, the medieval Anselm, and the Puritan John Owen. In it I will argue that the classic ‘two families’ view (of angels and humans) plays a similar role in the metanarrative of Heiser’s biblical theology as in these authors’ accounts of the history of redemption.