The Gospel of John for All People: Global Evangelicalism and the Audience of the Fourth Gospel

It has been suggested that the future of research on the Gospel of John will involve bridging the history-literature divide. This paper presents a constructive proposal on the intended audience of the Fourth Gospel based on both history and literature. A brief overview of previous scholarship reveals that some (such as Martyn) argue that John was written quite narrowly for a particular Christian community, others (such as Bauckham) propose that John was written more broadly for all Christians, and still others (such as Carson) maintain that John wrote to non-Christians. I will seek to broaden the scope of John’s audience by demonstrating that the Fourth Gospel was written for all people: Christians and non-Christians, Jews and Gentiles. I begin with literary clues that speak to the Gospel’s target recipients and seek to connect these clues to historical occurrences around the time of the text’s composition. The clues surveyed are: (1) regular reference to the OT and Jewish customs, (2) parenthetical explanations, and (3) the purpose statement of 20:31. These internal clues are examined in their relation to corresponding historical phenomena: (1) the destruction of the second temple, (2) the Pauline gentile mission, and (3) the function of Scripture in early Christianity. Though the audience proposed in this paper is patently broad, identifying it as such is important because it informs the way in which contemporary readers should approach the text, and highlights the usefulness of the Fourth Gospel for a global readership.