The Dignitas of Humanity in Wolfgang Musculus’ Interpretation of Psalm 8

In this exploration of Wolfgang Musculus on Psalm 8, a Messianic Psalm, Musculus proposes a broadly sweeping treatment of the concept of human dignitatis, or dignity, from its prelapsarian purity, it postlapsarian destruction of the imago Dei in humanity, and then finally its restoration and consummation through the incarnation of Christ. Anchored in his methods … Read more

“The Christ of God:” John Bunyan’s Christology

The Nicene Creed (325 AD) celebrates 1700 years this year, 2025. The Christological doctrine of hypostatic union defending the divinity of Jesus Christ and his full humanity has been challenged throughout the history of the church. Even during the Reformation, specifically the English Puritans, the doctrine of hypostatic union was tested. It was in this … Read more

Confessing Distinctions: Beza’s Influence on the Trinitarian Language of the Belgic Confession

This paper argues that Theodore Beza shaped the trinitarian language of the Belgic Confession (1561), integrating scholastic precision into the Reformed confessional framework. Early Reformed theologians embraced a type of trinitarian minimalism, favoring biblical and creedal language over philosophical elaboration. However, polemical pressure in the latter half of the sixteenth century necessitated greater clarity. This … Read more

Covenant as Consolation: Calvin’s Approach to Temporal Suffering and Eternal Happiness

John Calvin’s doctrine of covenant has received substantial scholarly attention from historians and theologians who have examined its development and significance from multiple perspectives (such as Perry Miller, Heinrich Heppe, Everett Emerson, Leonard Trinterud, Richard Muller, Olivier Millet, and Wayne Baker). Peter Lillback’s The Binding of God (2001) remains the most thorough study of Calvin’s … Read more