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Dorothy L. Sayers wrote a seminal essay—“Creed or Chaos?”—that later become a lead chapter in her book with the same title (1949). A subsequent edition (1995) carries the subtitle: “Why Christians Must Choose Either Dogma or Disaster; Or, Why It Really Does Matter What You Believe.” While appreciating Sayers’s basic concern for preserving historic Christian … Read more
The blues, born from African American suffering, offers a profound lens for theological reflection, particularly as a form of lament. This paper explores how the blues, exemplified by Blind Willie Johnson’s 1927.00 recording “Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground,” reimagines lament as a communal, improvisational act that both echoes and extends biblical traditions. … Read more
Scripture defines salvation as a “work of God.” Many in the church reduce God’s work to a simple “belief” in Christ, or Christ’s death on the cross. But the “work” of God has a definitive meaning and a unique sequence of steps, whereby salvation is the creative result, or “product” – the unsaved person is … Read more
It is no understatement to claim that the filioque is one of the most divisive issues in the history of Christianity. However, for Protestant Christians, particularly those within what Richard Muller calls the “Reformed Orthodoxy,” the filioque has been the default understanding of the procession of the Holy Spirit. In this paper, I will argue … Read more
The Council of Nicaea (325) is the first of the seven ecumenical councils through which the rule of faith was expounded. While the creed produced at Nicaea was expanded upon at the Council of Constantinople (381), this paper will argue that the evolution that the Nicene Creed underwent at the Council of Constantinople (381) was … Read more
Stanley Porter has argued that the two most productive fields of linguistics in New Testament studies are Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and Cognitive Functional Linguistics (CFL) (Stanley E. Porter, “What Is the Relationship between Exegesis and Our Views of Greek, or Vice Versa?” in Linguistics and the Bible: Retrospects and Prospects, ed. Porter, Land, and … Read more
One aspect inherent in any discourse is cohesion, and authors create cohesion in their discourse through various cohesive ties (Todd A. Scacewater, “Introduction,” in Discourse Analysis of the New Testament Writings, ed. Todd A. Scacewater (Dallas: Fontes Press, 2020), 15). Participant reference is one key cohesive tie that helps a reader follow the author’s flow … Read more
The Exodus motif is applied to the people of God in 1.00 Peter 2:9-10. Israel’s journey, testing, and receiving God’s covenant were based on their identification as God’s son (Exodus 4:23). Adoption (huiothesia, υιοθεσία) is an important Pauline metaphor describing one’s connection with God the Father (as well as with the Son and the Holy … Read more
“Sólo Jesús,” Hispanic Modalism, Oneness Christology, and Paul’s First Epistles Daniel S. Steffen, PhD This paper proposes to explain the popular hispanic modalistic or “Oneness” Christology as to its particular beliefs and strong influence in several Latin American nations.1 The movement is known as “Sólo Jesús,” in Spanish. This explanation includes comparing and contrasting this … Read more
Deuteronomy 19:16–21 outlines a judicial principle wherein a false witness is subject to the same penalty that would have been imposed upon the accused, should the accusation be proven false. This lex talionis framework is foundational for understanding Israelite jurisprudence regarding false testimony. However, an apparent tension arises when this principle is considered alongside Deuteronomy … Read more